The correlations between food security, diet quality and weight change among working women of reproductive age during the endemic phase of COVID-19.

Aim: This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the correlations between food security, diet quality and weight change among working women during the endemic phase of COVID-19 in the Klang Valley of Malaysia. Methods: Working women aged 18-49 years were required to self-report their socio-demographics and pre-pandemic body weight (body weight during February 2020). Body height and current body weight were measured using a SECA stadiometer and TANITA weighing scale. Food security was assessed using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES); the diet quality was determined with the Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ) for Malaysia. Results: The prevalence of moderate-to-severe food insecurity was 19.9%. It is noted that 64.3% of working women gained weight throughout the pandemic, with an average weight gain of 4.36 ± 3.19 kg. Concerning diet quality, the majority (82.5%) achieved the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Findings from linear regression revealed that food security was not significantly correlated with weight change. However, working women who failed to achieve the MDD-W gained, on average, 1.853 kg more than those who did (p = 0.040). On the other hand, no significant correlation was observed between food security status and diet quality in weight change of working women. Conclusion: The current study shall provide an impetus to develop intervention strategies for promoting healthy eating among working women.

Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed: ET&P

We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people's mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.

PERCEIVED INCOME ADEQUACY, FAMILY SUPPORT, FINANCIAL ANXIETY, AND TAX NON-COMPLIANCE OF INDONESIAN WORKING WOMEN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

In high-risk situations like the Covid-19 epidemic, it is believed that perceived income adequacy, family support, financial anxiety, and tax non-compliance have a strong relationship. This study applies the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory in building research models to fill gaps in previous research. According to the COR theory, individuals safeguard the quality and quantity of their financial resources by avoiding threats to their existence, including taxes. Thus, maintaining limited financial resources during the Covid-19 pandemic to meet needs and wants leads to tax avoidance. The cross-sectional data were collected using an online survey and analyzed using the PLS-based SEM technique. Purpo-sive sampling was used to identify 371 Indonesian working women for the study sample. The study's findings confirmed that perceived income adequacy for current needs and wants and perceived family support directly impact financial anxi-ety. However, this study can only demonstrate the direct effect of perceived income adequacy for current wants and tax non-compliance. Financial anxiety has also been proven to mediate the relationship between the three exogenous factors and tax non-compliance. This study can strengthen the concept of COR theory, which has never been used to investigate tax non-compliance behaviour and can be considered by authorities to design tax policies that take gender into account to achieve tax compliance. © 2023 The Author(s).

Domestic violence in developing countries: An evidence from Bangladesh

Women all over the world face a multitude of issues daily. Unfortunately, one of the most common and tragic concerns that women face, especially those in third world countries, is domestic violence. This research paper has tried to find out and analyze the trend of domestic violence during this current period of lockdown and social distancing measures, which the COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated. During our investigations, a few variables intrigued us;these variables do not lead to a simple, uncomplicated conclusion on the occurrence of domestic violence. On the contrary, the pool of 350 respondents (especially from urban areas), which include homemakers and working women alike, education was one such variable that played a pivotal role in preventing domestic violence. Another variable was the effect of social stigma;because many women have internalized the impact of spousal and familial abuse, most of them find it incredibly difficult, if not impossible, to speak up about the struggles they face. We have made use of logistic regression models to verify the independent variables and their validity.

Reflections from academic mothers of young children on social work research and education

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound societal impact with unprecedented impact on women's labor force participation, including among academic mothers. Yet, persistent gendered and racialized inequities in academia remain structurally unaddressed, including in social work. We believe that as social work educators we are well-positioned to develop an academic culture that helps us refocus on what matters most;redefine excellence in teaching, service, and research;and make academic practice more equitable. To this end, we convened a group of social work academic mothers, representing various identities at teaching and research-intensive institutions, to offer collective perspectives and recommendations for structural change within the social work academy to buffer the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and exacerbating racial and gendered disparities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Work-family conciliation with and without children, during confinement by COVID-19 in Mexico

Background: As a health policy for COVID-19, the confinement's implementation transformed the home beyond family life into the workplace and school. By having the activities in the same space, the boundaries of the work and family spheres were blurred, generating conflicts to balance them in life. Since the sexual division of labor still prevails, women are the ones who are primarily in charge of unpaid domestic work, and those with rearing children are at greater risk of facing this kind of conflict. In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Aims: In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Method & procedures: The study has a mixed approach. We applied 578 online questionnaires and 50 interviews with Mexican workers. Results & discussion: Amid the accelerated shift to virtual work, the professional and the private roles have blurred. The daily dynamics changed because of how (e.g., where, when, and with what frequency) and who was involved. Manifesting itself in two dimensions: paid work and family life, which involves unpaid work. Paid work on-site ceased to be the norm;only 15.51% of workers were on-site daily. Instead, reduced hours, staggered attendance, and forced breaks without pay or dismissals were implemented, impacting the income of 40.31% of families. For women with children, the risk of unemployment increased three times. Likewise, there was an accelerated transfer to the home office and greater exposure to screens (83.53%). Online work broke into personal life. This new context resulted in the entanglement of duties, grueling work hours, unfavorable institutional policies to reconcile work-family, and hostility from coworkers to parents using the flexible or online work, all of which triggered stress and frustration in workers, mainly fathers/mothers. Unpaid work also increased for parents because institutions and support networks for the care and education of children became unavailable. Conclusion: Without planning it, the COVID-19 confinement triggered a social experiment that allows us to see the difficulty that WFC implies in the abrupt and massive implementation of neoliberal policies. With the withdrawal of a large part of the social support, the individuals and their families received the blows of dismissals or salary reductions. During this period, workers supported education and work at home, besides being responsible for maintaining families' mental and physical health. The workers absorbed the costs of online work;having the necessary devices for home-office and home-schooling, preparing spaces in their homes, paying for internet and electricity, and training themselves to use new technology. The findings show that, during confinement, the intersectionality of being a woman, a mother, and being in conditions of poverty increases the vulnerability to aspire to the WFC. Although the flexibility of working hours and the home office are considered WFC policies, this study has made it clear that neither of them is viable if: 1) Lacks support networks for child care and education;2) Implemented with high control systems, such as increasing verification reports;3) Workers are asked to be "always available" to respond to working duties;4) The sexual division of labor persists, diminishing women's professional development, rest, and health;5) Lack of transversal and gender-sensitive implementation of WFC policies, and when they exist, are authorized according to managers' subjectivity. This study finds that, during the COVID-19 lockdown, the detriment of economic, emotional, physical, and relational have been very high for individuals and their families. The increased workloads originated stress for the workers, which subverted the possibility of reaching the WFC (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Mothering load: Underlying realities of professionally engaged indian mothers during a global crisis

The current global crisis has had a significant impact on professionally engaged mothers and the proliferation of the invisible nature of the work that they are engaged in on a daily basis. Several research studies have indicated how mothers seem to have been particularly affected. Mothers experienced an exacerbation in their domestic household and child-care responsibilities due to the absence of househelp and other child care arrangements while balancing their professional careers. These challenges crystallized the existing gender inequalities and the gendered nature of parenting. Using a feminist lens, this study explores the experiences of mothering load during COVID-19 against the backdrop of urban India. A total of two themes and six sub-themes were identified through the process of thematic analysis-Triad of work included increased care work, increased formal work, and increased worry work and Mothering experiences: Burdens and Biases included the lack of support, parental role overload, and gendered nature of parenting. This study adds to the limited empirical evidence of working mothers in India while straddling the worlds of feminism and mental health activism. Findings indicate the need to explicitly highlight the invisibilized phenomena of unpaid care work, worry work, and the gendered nature of parenting that contribute to the larger experience of mothering load. The findings also point toward acknowledging the importance of maternal mental health and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 to establish and enforce stronger policies around recognizing and appreciating unpaid care and domestic work to promote gender equality and empowering women at all levels. This may be enacted through the encouragement of shared responsibilities within the household and family units as contextually feasible and through the development of appropriate infrastructure, social protection policies, and the delivery of public services. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Impact Of Covid 19 On Online Apparel Buying Behaviour Of Working Women In Guwahati City Of Assam

Over the past few decades, the process of purchasing clothing online has improved tremendously, and it's only getting better. Online purchasing offers a convenient and fast service. A new disease, Covid-19, has accelerated online shopping by compelling firms to adopt a necessary digital method. Many long-term changes in consumer purchasing behaviour are still taking shape in clothing sales after the pandemic's terrible impact, but things are gradually returning to normal. The worldwide apparel industry is one of the fastest-growing in the world. When it comes to purchases of clothing, working women have become a significant customer group. A substantial shift in women's purchasing habits can be traced to this increased value placed on clothing by women. To better understand working women's shopping habits and new trends in Guwahati City, this study examines how covid 19 pandemic changed working women's online purchasing behaviour. To research on women's awareness of online shopping and characteristics that influence online fashion purchases are the goals of this study. The study is aimed at a better understanding of working women's online apparel purchasing habits before and during the covid-19 pandemic. A questionnaire was sent out to 110 working women between the ages of 22 and 60 by the researcher. COVID-19 has led to a significant uptick in online shopping, with the majority of participants reporting a significant rise in the frequency with which they shop. Online shopping is preferred by most respondents due to its convenience of use, as well as the possibility to compare a wide range of products at a lower price and in a shorter amount of time. However it has its own limitations. There is a difference between seeing a cloth with naked eyes and seeing it on digital screen. Physical purchasing also offers the customer the opportunity to get the feel of the cloth. Thus sometimes customer may not satisfied with the quality of the online product,after receiving the delivery.Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.

Changing workplace patterns in Saudi Arabia: a gender lens

This study explores the perspectives of employed married women in Saudi Arabia and the impact of changing workplace patterns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative approach draws on the findings from in-depth semi-structured interviews with married Saudi working women in the public education sector. The key findings are identified through a thematic analysis. First, remote work is considered to provide a suitable and quiet workplace. Second, the challenges include weak internet connections (major factor), followed by communication, sitting for long periods, institutional disrespect for official working hours and non-specific working hours (minor factors). A specific difficulty was the distraction of children, but this was considered manageable. Third, working remotely gives Saudi married working women opportunities to increase their performance and productivity, develop themselves, create work-life balance and improve their technology skills. Finally, in the education sector, a blended workplace is a suitable pattern that can be implemented effectively. The study is exploratory with a small sample size, so the findings cannot be generalized. However, it generates new insights into gender stereotypes regarding the difficulties and opportunities of the changing workplace patterns caused by COVID-19, through the lens of Saudi married working women.

Burdens Role of Working Women during the Time of Corona: A Qualitative Sociological Study on a Sample of Working Women in the UAE Society

This study explores the burdens of employed women's roles during the time of the coronavirus. The study has considered burdens that associate with the role obligations of working women such as: the husband's work from home, woman's work from home, home duties, marital relationship demands, woman self-care, and homeschooling, in addition to how women managed these burdens and the attached tensions. The current study utilized qualitative method by using an in-depth-interview with 30 (N=30) working women in UAE. The results showed that the COVID-19 crisis has deepened the gender gap regarding home duties, also the burdens often women have increased in all domains of daily life including working hard to facilitate husband work from home. However, men were only responsible for their traditional formal work. In addition, lived experiences of women showed that they have suffered pressures and tensions that are attached to these burdens. Nevertheless, women have not employed a strategy to manage the situation as much as they adapt to it. © 2022 DSR Publishers/ The University of Jordan.

Crisis and mental health of working women: risk factors and integrated care interventions based on organizational, individual, and institutional partnership: Managing Community Care

Purpose>Crises can weigh heavily on individuals' mental health. COVID-19 is a crisis that has shaken humanity, plunging it into a great wave of fear, ambiguity and uncertainty, due to its novelty and rapid spread, as well as lethality. Mental health disparities between women and men have widened as a result of this pandemic. Stress factors have multiplied, especially among working women, making them more psychologically vulnerable than they were before this pandemic and easy prey to psychological distress. This emphasized the importance of having integrated care interventions that take into consideration the organizational context, with gendered lenses. This paper discusses the relationship between COVID-19 and psychological distress among women in the workforce. It presents the main sources of stress and addresses integrated care interventions that can help to prevent psychological distress among women.Design/methodology/approach>This paper is a viewpoint and critique of the recent literature.Findings>Interventions based on a partnership between employers, employees, and government, including health and social services are needed to prevent mental health problems among women in the workplace that can result from crises. In this case, a gendered approach as well as an optimization of the use of new technologies should be favored.Originality/value>There is little focus on the development of integrated care approaches to address psychological distress among working women in times of crisis and beyond. This paper helps to expand the scope of integrated care to work-related mental health research by exploring the impact of an unprecedented health crisis on a vulnerable group that suffers from disparities in mental health. It also provides insights into preventive interventions, built upon an integrated care approach, based on a tripartite partnership between working women, employing organizations, and governmental institutions, facilitated by the integration of new technologies. By doing this, the author aims to contribute to the prevention of mental health issues that can result from this crisis.

Vulnerability of South African women workers in the COVID-19 pandemic.

On March 5th, 2020, the first SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) case was diagnosed in South Africa. Shortly after, President Cyril Ramaphosa, declared a National State of Disaster placing the country under "lockdown". Two years later the National State of Disaster was terminated on 15 March 2022 with more than 3.9 million cases of COVID-19 and more than 100,000 fatalities recorded. In the context of this pandemic the vulnerability of working women in South Africa increased considerably. In South Africa most women workers find themselves in vulnerable employment as domestic help in private households, traders in the informal economy, and small-scale agriculture with no employment contracts or health insurance cover. During the pandemic, women workers had to further deal with the socioeconomic vulnerability of their employment, dual domestic and working responsibilities and those infected with COVID-19, with the clinical sequelae of the disease. The government implemented several policies to assist workers and reduce the risk faced by vulnerable workers, including women. Despite these initiatives, long-term policies aimed at socioeconomic protection and employment creation that focus on women workers are required to address the negative impact of the COVD-19 pandemic as experienced by women workers in South Africa.

Comparison of pregnancy stress, impact and fear of COVID-19 between working and non-working pregnant women in Korea.

The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare the pregnancy stress, impact and fear of COVID-19 between working and non-working pregnant women in Korea. The influencing factors of pregnancy stress considering the pandemic situation were explored in each group. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in the study. A total of 150 participants were recruited from Korean online communities where only women can register and exchange information about pregnancy and childbirth. The survey questionnaires included the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire, Pregnancy Experience Scale - brief, COVID-19 Experiences, and Fear of COVID-19. The survey data of 140 participants (74 working pregnant women and 66 non-working pregnant women) were analyzed. Working pregnant women appeared to have more pregnancy stress than non-pregnant women (p < 0.05). They described more concerns about labor and delivery, and caring for infant. Non-working pregnant women were having more negative impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy experience (p < 0.05). They had more concerns related to prenatal care, obtaining living supplies, and giving birth during the pandemic situation. There were no significant differences in fear of COVID-19 between groups. In both groups, negative pregnancy experience and pregnancy types were significantly related with higher pregnancy stress (p < 0.05). While pregnancy stress was significantly higher in the working pregnant women, the negative impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy experience was greater in the non-working pregnant women group. We suggest tailored prenatal management, education, and social supports considering the differences in psychological distress between the groups. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-04105-8.

The effect of socio-economic status on Digital financial literacy among working women in higher education sector-Kerala state

The demonetization has posed the challenges of moving from the physical cash transactions to digital payments. It was boosted during the period of Covid-19 as the people were shown more interesting in online purchase and online way of payment even in the traditional mode of purchase. This forced the sellers, local vendors to accept payment in digital mode. Moreover the actions taken by the RBI supplements the sellers in encouraging the customers to go for digital payments. The movement towards digital payment apps comes with risks also. The threats of fraudulent activities in the electronic payment system have led to the necessity of effective systems for coherent payment management. The purpose of this research work is to assess the digital financial literacy among working women in higher education sector in Kerala. The information for the study was collected through questionnaire from the teachers. The researchers have chosen teachers as they are the role models and social responsible people by being their personal literate and effectively dealing their personal transactions. The researchers have developed a model based on the information collected through literature review and other primary sources. The data collected was analyzed through the statistical tools like annova, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression methods, chi-square. The study concluded that even though most of the teachers are depending on digital payments apps for their financial transactions, many of them were unaware about what to do if their payment through digital apps failed. The basic awareness of digital financial literacy helps a person to make correct financial decisions and also keep away from the fraudulent activities of pirated digital payment apps. 1. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.

Work-family conciliation with and without children, during confinement by COVID-19 in Mexico

Background: As a health policy for COVID-19, the confinement's implementation transformed the home beyond family life into the workplace and school. By having the activities in the same space, the boundaries of the work and family spheres were blurred, generating conflicts to balance them in life. Since the sexual division of labor still prevails, women are the ones who are primarily in charge of unpaid domestic work, and those with rearing children are at greater risk of facing this kind of conflict. In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Aims: In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Method & procedures: The study has a mixed approach. We applied 578 online questionnaires and 50 interviews with Mexican workers. Results & discussion: Amid the accelerated shift to virtual work, the professional and the private roles have blurred. The daily dynamics changed because of how (e.g., where, when, and with what frequency) and who was involved. Manifesting itself in two dimensions: paid work and family life, which involves unpaid work. Paid work on-site ceased to be the norm;only 15.51% of workers were on-site daily. Instead, reduced hours, staggered attendance, and forced breaks without pay or dismissals were implemented, impacting the income of 40.31% of families. For women with children, the risk of unemployment increased three times. Likewise, there was an accelerated transfer to the home office and greater exposure to screens (83.53%). Online work broke into personal life. This new context resulted in the entanglement of duties, grueling work hours, unfavorable institutional policies to reconcile work-family, and hostility from coworkers to parents using the flexible or online work, all of which triggered stress and frustration in workers, mainly fathers/mothers. Unpaid work also increased for parents because institutions and support networks for the care and education of children became unavailable. Conclusion: Without planning it, the COVID-19 confinement triggered a social experiment that allows us to see the difficulty that WFC implies in the abrupt and massive implementation of neoliberal policies. With the withdrawal of a large part of the social support, the individuals and their families received the blows of dismissals or salary reductions. During this period, workers supported education and work at home, besides being responsible for maintaining families' mental and physical health. The workers absorbed the costs of online work;having the necessary devices for home-office and home-schooling, preparing spaces in their homes, paying for internet and electricity, and training themselves to use new technology. The findings show that, during confinement, the intersectionality of being a woman, a mother, and being in conditions of poverty increases the vulnerability to aspire to the WFC. Although the flexibility of working hours and the home office are considered WFC policies, this study has made it clear that neither of them is viable if: 1) Lacks support networks for child care and education;2) Implemented with high control systems, such as increasing verification reports;3) Workers are asked to be "always available" to respond to working duties;4) The sexual division of labor persists, diminishing women's professional development, rest, and health;5) Lack of transversal and gender-sensitive implementation of WFC policies, and when they exist, are authorized according to managers' subjectivity. This study finds that, during the COVID-19 lockdown, the detriment of economic, emotional, physical, and relational have been very high for individuals and their families. The increased workloads originated stress for the workers, which subverted the possibility of reaching the WFC (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Strength through kindness: Celebrating the success of women leaders and feminine leadership styles

This chapter presents two stories of inspiring women political leaders, Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minster of New Zealand, and Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany, to shed light on the dire importance of using feminine leadership models (i.e., embodying kindness, empathy and concern for others) during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as everyday practice. I use a multi-dimensional theoretical conceptualization grounded in gender stereotyping and the theory of androgyny to emphasize the transition from historical masculine leadership ideals ('think manager, think male'-Schein & Davidson, 1993) to leadership discourse that symbolizes inclusivity of leadership with an emphasis on using kindness, regardless of whether you identify as a male or female leader. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Impact of COVID-19 on women educators

COVID-19 has brought lives to a standstill. Business and educational institutions all over the world have adopted the “remote learning” strategy so that there are no interruptions in business or education. There are a good majority of female teachers in India and majorly everyone is facing problems while teaching online. During this pandemic, when the workload of almost all other sectors decreased significantly, the education sector is the one that has been working full time. With immense pressure from the institute and an increase in working hours, teachers are juggling between their professional and personal life resulting in the problem of a time crunch in their personal lives. This paper discusses the issues being faced by teachers during the pandemic time with special reference to teachers having children of different ages. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Negotiating Indonesian Married Women’s Agency in a Career : Work From Home Arrangement as a Possible Solution

Financial challenges have led to the emergence of dual-earner couples. Nonetheless, in male-dominated societies like Indonesia, women’s career involvement, although contributing to the household income, is not correlated with men’s contribution to the household task. A career is seen as a privilege for women because their primary value is conventionally anchored on marriage and family. International studies suggested that the Work From Home (WFH) arrangement is an effective solution to enable women to balance their work and family roles. While WFH was non-existent in Indonesia before the COVID-19 pandemic, the latter forced companies to adopt the former. This provided an opportunity to examine whether WFH can be a remedy for working Indonesian women to negotiate their work and family roles. Hence this study is aimed to look closely at the issue, comprising two general aims. First, it provides a general picture of current practices of division of gender in Indonesia using current literature. Second, using online survey data from 201 Indonesian workers, this report provides empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of WFH, particularly for married working women in Indonesia in negotiating their work and household roles. While describing current feminism issues in the non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies, the article also discusses the long-term practical strategy to empower Indonesian women in careers by emphasizing gender equality while acknowledging the men’s leadership role.

Gender and Political Economy : A Pandemic Petri Dish

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted many inequities in global society, particularly those regarding gender. As the primary caregivers of the world, working women already suffered from the double burden of caregiving coupled with paid employment, and the pandemic has only increased this burden. The disproportionate job losses for women during pandemic-related shutdowns have exacerbated financial pressures and contributed to physical and mental challenges for women as well, creating what has been called a female recession. Women who have kept their jobs often find themselves in frontline roles with potential exposure to the coronavirus, forced to choose between financial security and physical safety. These difficulties are even greater for women with children whose careers, interrupted by childcare, are losing job experience and seniority in addition to financial savings and retirement contributions, worsening the motherhood penalty for working mothers. The shadow pandemic of gender-based violence has also surged due to lockdowns in close quarters, economic pressures, and high stress levels among families. Feminists throughout the world are calling upon their national governments and international organizations to address this gender crisis within the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Changed Work Environment and Family Dynamics on Work Life Balance: A Study on Indian Working Women during the Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic

This research paper examined the impact of changed work environment, due to pandemic, on working women and how they managed to realize the work-life balance. The study wanted to find out whether there was any impact on women's workplace engagement and workplace stress. Primary data were collected from working women, employed in the education sector, who were full time employees or teachers at university, college, and school level. The study found that there was significant relationship between all the three factors, affecting WLB, from respondents' perspective. The R-square of the SEM model was found to be .78, which indicated that 78% of the variance in WLB could be attributed to work engagement, work stress and family life.